Stages of criminal trial

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF EVIDENCES

There are different types of evidences under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. These are mentioned below- 1) Oral Evidence 2) Documentary Evidence 3) Primary Evidence 4) Secondary Evidence 5) Real Evidence 6) Hearsay Evidence 7) Judicial Evidence 8) Non- Judicial Evidence 9) Direct Evidence 10) Indirect Evidence or Circumstantial Evidence *These are elaborated below-Quashing of FIR guidelines* *1) Oral Evidence *–  Section 60 of the Indian Evidence Act explains Oral Evidence. Oral Evidences are those evidences which are personally seen or heard by the witness giving them and not heard or told by some one else. All the statements which are permitted by the court or the court expects the witness to make such statements in his presence regarding the truth of the facts, are called as Oral Evidences. Oral evidences must always be direct. An Evidence is direct when it establishes the main fact in issue. *2) Documentary Evidences * –  are defined under section ...
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Section 162 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.) – Explained

Statements to police not to be signed: Use of statements in evidence: This section protects the person making statement during police investigation under duress or inducement. The Code allows police officer to record statements of witnesses with a view to facilitating investigation of the offence. But if such statements are made under duress or inducement, they are rendered inadmissible in evidence because they cannot be said to be free and fair statements made voluntarily. As rightly pointed out by the Apex Court, the object of Section 162 is “to protect the accused both against overzealous police officers and untruthful witnesses.” It cannot be used for corroborating a witness but it can certainly be used to contradict him by a police statement. Where a person appears as a defence witness in a trial, his former statement made before the police cannot be used for contradicting him because it would be against the accepted norms of justice to allow a witness to be contradi...
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